All messages sent on the A-bis interface use the LAPD protocol that enables reliable transmission of information. LAPD provides two kinds of transfer modes: Unacknowledged info transfer with no guarantee that the information frame is successfully delivered to the addressee, and acknowledged information transfer, where each signal is acknowledged, and the system makes sure that the frame has reached the destination successfully. Only measurement reports use unacknowledged information transfer. Frame Structure and Data Links A flag, 01111110 (h'7E), delimits a frame. The one flag is enough between consecutive frames. The receiving entity looks for the flag 01111110 to synchronize on the start of a frame. TEI and SAPI are used to access the right entity and right function at the receiving end. SAPI is the address used to access different functions, such as TRXC, CF and Layer 2 management procedures, within one physical entity. The CF (Central Function...