MS-Excel Short Key

Home	Move to column A
Tab	Navigate a cell - right
Shift + Tab	Navigate a cell - left
Ctrl + Arrow	Move to edge of current data region
End + Arrow	Move to edge of current data region
Shift + Arrow	Navigate a cell - all arrow directions - with selection
Ctrl + Home	Move to the beginning of the Worksheet
Ctrl + End	Move to the end of the Worksheet
Alt + Page Down	Move one screen to right
Alt + Page Up	Move one screen to left
Ctrl + Page Down	Move to the next worksheet
Ctrl + Page Up	Move to the previous worksheet
F6	Move to the next pane in split worksheet
Shift + F6	Move to the previous pane in split worksheet
Ctrl + .	Move to the corners of selection and verify your selection
Ctrl + `	Switch between value and formula
Alt + T, U, T	Trace Precedents
Alt + T, U, D	Trace Dependents
Alt + T, U, A	Remove all arrows
Ctrl + [ or Ctrl + ]	Switch to Data Sheet from the formula or vice-versa
Editing
F2	Edit cell contents
Shift + F2	Edit/Create a cell comment
Delete	Delete cell contents
Ctrl + -	Delete selected row or column
Ctrl + Delete	Delete all text to the right of current editing
Alt + Enter	Enter a new line while editing in the same cell - word wrap
Ctrl + +	Insert a row or column before selection (row/column selection)
Ctrl + Shift + A	Type a function; press combo; inserts function syntax
Ctrl + Enter	Select range; enter data/function; press combo; copies to selection
Shift + Enter	Stop editing and move a cell up
Ctrl + Alt + V	Paste Special (Version 2007 and above)
Ctrl + F3	Define names
Shift + F3	Open all functions dialog box
Ctrl + A	Display a function window for the typed function
Ctrl + D	Copy down the selection
Ctrl + R	Copy to the right in the selection
Ctrl + Shift + "	Copy contents of above cell in the current cell and edit
Ctrl + ;	Enter Date
Formatting
Ctrl + 1	Display Format Cells dialog box
Ctrl + Shift + ~	Apply number format
Ctrl + Shift + !	Apply number format
Ctrl + Shift + $	Apply currency format
Ctrl + Shift + %	Apply percentage format
Ctrl + Shift + #	Apply date format
Ctrl + Shift + &	Apply outline border
Ctrl + Shift + _	Remove outline border
Selection
Ctrl + Shift + *	Select data region around current cell
Shift + Home	Extend selection to beginning of row
Shift + Spacebar	Select entire row
Ctrl + Spacebar	Select entire column
F8	Turn on/off selection mode; then start moving around
Shift + F8	Multi-select - select range; press combo; select another range; repeat
Alt+;	Select visible cells (ignores hidden rows/columns in the selection)

Transcoder Controller (TRC)

 The purpose of a TRC is to multiplex network traffic channels from multiple BSCs onto one 64 Kbits/s PCM channel which reduces network transmission costs.

FUNCTION OF MSC:-

1. Switching and call routing

2. Charging

3. Service provisioning

4. Communication with HLR

5. Communication with the VLR

6. Communication with other MSC’s

7. Control of connected BSC’s

8. Direct access to Internet services

RF Optimization Processes

Network Optimization process involves the following activities:

• FIRST SET THE CRITERION (GOAL) OF OPTIMIZATION PROCESS
• BASELINE & TARGET KPI’s.
• DELIVERABLES
• CONDUCTING A BASELINE PHYSICAL AUDIT
• REMOVING ALL SERVICE AFFECTING ALARMS
• IDENTIFYING POOR COVERAGE AREAS
• IDENTIFYING CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS & OVERUTILIZED CELLS
• VARIOUS KPIs with Root-Cause-Analysis of problems.
• Frequency Plan (BCCH & TCH)
• Neighbor plan
• CONDUCTING A GSM SYSTEM PARAMETERS AUDIT
• Deliverables of an Optimization activity:
• Baseline Drive test comparison with post implementation results.
• Statistical comparison of baseline & improved network.
• Parameter Audit report.
• Physical parameter inconsistencies.
• Frequency & neighbor plan inconsistencies
• Recommendations for
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Physical Optimization
• Location Area Optimization.

Ericsson Certified Associate – Radio Access Networks - ECP-362

Sections Section/Objective Title

Section 1 RAN Fundamentals 26%

Objective 1.1 Describe the general RAN architecture

Objective 1.2 Describe the RAN services

Objective 1.3 Describe Radio design principles

Objective 1.4 Describe air interface principles

Objective 1.5 Describe signaling, protocols and layers

Objective 1.6 Describe Radio Network functionalities

Objective 1.7 Describe Radio Network Performance

Section 2 RAN Technologies 27%

Objective 2.1 Describe the fundamentals of GSM

Objective 2.2 Describe the fundamentals of WCDMA

Objective 2.3 Describe the fundamentals of LTE

Section 3 RAN Evolution 10%

Objective 3.1 Identify Ericsson RAN product and services portfol

Objective 3.2

Describe how different radio technologies contribute together to mobile

operators business evolution

Objective 3.3 Identify how multi-RAN products add value to Radio Access Network

Section 4 Radio Base Station and Site Solution 17%

Objective 4.1 Identify Site Solution equipment needed for a RBS site

Objective 4.2 Describe different concepts for in-building coverage and/or capacity

Objective 4.3 Identify ways to reduce site OPEX

Objective 4.4 Identify different RBS types and hardware

Section 5 RAN Transport 11%

Objective 5.1 Describe the architecture and interfaces

Objective 5.2 Describe synchronization solutions

Objective 5.3 Describe values with IP RAN

Objective 5.4 Describe transport characteristics, QoS, and capacity

Section 6 RAN Controllers 9%

Objective 6.1 Describes the role of the BSC

Objective 6.2 Describes the role of the RNC

Ericsson Certified Associate – Radio Network Design - ECP-371

Sections Section/Objective Title

Section 1 Cellular Technologies 17%

Objective 1.1 Identify cellular industry standards

Objective 1.2 Identify fundamental radio concepts

Objective 1.3 Identify cellular technologies used

Objective 1.4 Describe call procedures

Objective 1.5 Identify interference management concepts

Section 2 Air Interface Concepts 22%

Objective 2.1 Describe power calculations

Objective 2.2 Describe link budget concepts

Objective 2.3 Identify propagation concepts

Objective 2.4 Identify radio channel characteristics

Section 3 Cellular Network Architecture 11%

Objective 3.1 Identify cellular network architectures

Objective 3.2 Identify base station architectures

Objective 3.3 Identify in-building system (IBS) concepts

Section 4 Radio System Components 18%

Objective 4.1 Describe antenna concepts

Objective 4.2 Identify radio frequency systems and components

Objective 4.3 Describe radio system performance concepts

Section 5 Radio Network Design 22%

Objective 5.1 Identify high level radio network design concepts

Objective 5.2 Describe dimensioning concepts

Objective 5.3 Identify radio network performance management concepts

Objective 5.4 Identify radio network tuning (optimization) concepts

Section 6 Radio Network Design Tools 10%

Objective 6.1 Describe coverage planning tools

Objective 6.2 Describe frequency planning tools

Ericsson Certified Associate – Radio Network Optimization - ECP-381

Sections Section/Objective Title

Section 1 Cellular Technology 10%

Objective 1.1 Identify cellular industry standards

Objective 1.2 Identify cellular technologies used

Objective 1.3 Describe call procedures

Section 2 Cellular Network Architecture 10%

Objective 2.1 Identify cellular network architectures

Objective 2.2 Identify base station architectures

Objective 2.3 Describe base station RF and baseband components

Section 3 Cellular Network Fundamental Concepts 30%

Objective 3.1 Describe GSM concepts

Objective 3.2 Describe WCDMA/CDMA concepts

Objective 3.3 Describe LTE concepts

Section 4 Optimization Activities and Procedures 35%

Objective 4.1 Identify input data sources for optimization activities

Objective 4.2 Identify installation and external interference troubleshooting

Objective 4.3 Describe physical RF optimization

Objective 4.4 Describe GSM optimization procedures

Objective 4.5 Identify Ericsson GSM features

Objective 4.6 Describe WCDMA optimization procedures

Objective 4.7 Identify Ericsson WCDMA features

Objective 4.8 Describe LTE optimization procedures

Objective 4.9 Identify Ericsson LTE features

Section 5 Radio Network Optimization Tools 15%

Objective 5.1 Describe drive test tools used for optimization

Objective 5.2 Describe physical RF cell planning optimization tools

Objective 5.3 Describe RRM optimization tools

Objective 5.4 Describe SON tools

Objective 5.5 Describe frequency planning optimization tools

Objective 5.6 Describe neighbor and BSIC/SC/ PCI/PRACH planning optimization tools

Objective 5.7 Describe radio monitoring and troubleshooting tools

Satellite Antenna

Overview, of the typical RF antenna design types used with satellites, both on the ground and on the satellite. This includes satellite television (tv) reception.

A variety of forms of antenna can be used for transmitting to and receiving from satellites. The most common type of satellite antenna is the parabolic reflector, however this is not the only type of antenna that can be used. The actual type of antenna will depend upon what the overall application and the requirements. 

Antenna gain

The distances over which signals travel to some satellites is very large. Geostationary ones are a particular case. This means that path losses are high and accordingly signal levels are low. In addition to this the power levels that can be transmitted by satellites are limited by the fact that all the power has be generated from solar panels. As a result the antennas that are used are often high gain directional varieties. The parabolic reflector is one of the most popular.

Antennas on satellites

Although there is fundamentally no difference between the antennas on satellites and those on the ground there are a number of different requirements that need to be taken into account. In the first instance the environmental conditions are very different. As conditions in space are particularly harsh the antennas need to be built to withstand this. Temperatures vary considerably between light and dark and this will cause expansion and contraction. The materials that are sued in the conduction need to be carefully chosen.

The gain and directivity of the antenna need to be chosen to meet the needs of the satellite. For most geostationary satellites the use of directional antennas with gain is mandatory in view of the path losses incurred. These satellites are more likely to cover a give area of the Earth, and as they remain in the same position this is normally not a problem. However the attitude of the satellite and its antenna must be carefully maintained to ensure the antenna is aligned in the correct direction. The antennas on board the satellite are typically limited in size to around 2 - 3 metres by the space that is available on the satellite structure.

For satellites in low earth orbits, considerably less directive antennas are normally used. Signals are likely to be received and transmitted over a much wider angle, and these will change as the satellites move. Accordingly these satellites seldom use parabolic reflector antennas.

Ground antennas

Ground antennas used for receing satellite signals and transmitting to the satellites vary considerably according to their application. Again parabolic reflectors are the most widely used, but Yagi antennas may be used on occasions.

The size of the antennas may vary considerably. The parabolic reflectors used for satellite television reception are very small. However those used for professional applications are much larger and may range up to several tens of metres in size.

The satellite antennas are carefully chosen by the system designer to match the particular requirements. It is possible to calculate the exact specification for the antenna, knowing the path loss, signal to noise ratio, transmitter power levels, receiver sensitivities, etc. A small 70 centimetre antenna may be sufficient for direct reception of satellite TV programmes but would not be suitable for transmitting programmes up to the satellite where a much higher signal level is required to ensure the best possible picture is radiated back to Earth.

Satellite television antennas

It has already been mentioned that satellite television antennas use parabolic reflector or "dish" antennas. They are also incorporate what is termed an LNB. This is a Low Noise Block converter. The satellite transmits signals at frequencies between 12.2 and 12.7 GHz. Signals at these frequencies would be very quickly attenuated by any coaxial feeder that was used. As feeder lengths may run into several metres or more in many installations, this would mean that the signals that reached the television would be very weak. To overcome this problem the LNB is installed at the feed point of the antenna. Its job is two fold. It amplifies the signal, but more importantly it converts it down to a frequency (usually 950 to 1450MHz) where the loss introduced by the coaxial feeder is considerably less. The amplification provided by the LNB also enables the loss introduced by the cable to be less critical. By performing these two functions it means that domestic coaxial cable can be used satisfactorily, while maintaining sufficiently high signal levels at the receiver.