Log-Normal Fade Margins

The Log-normal fade margin is incorporated in to the link budget calculation to ensure coverage reliability, and there are three environmental cases to consider:

· Outdoor fade margin

· Indoor fade margin

· In-vehicle fade margin

Outdoor Fade Margin

The outdoor standard deviation α0, depends on the terrain: dense urban, urban, or suburban and may change very slightly with frequency. The outdoor standard deviation, α0, ranges from 5 dB (rural) to 12 dB (dense urban) with a typical value of 8 dB (suburban) Radio Wave Propagation A

Indoor Fade Margin

If an MS is inside a building, the received signal is attenuated as it passes through the exterior of the building. Building penetration loss, Lbp is subject to random variation. We denote the standard deviation of the building penetration loss as αbp. The standard deviation, α, used to compute the indoor fade margin accounts for the outdoor environment, as well as the random variation of the building penetration loss. The standard deviation, α 0, is pooled with α bp. Thus the pooled deviation,

In-vehicle Fade Margin

The in-vehicle loss is also variable; therefore, the standard deviation, α , should account the outdoor environment, as well as the random variation of the in-vehicle penetration loss. We denote the standard deviation of the in-vehicle penetration loss as αiv. The standard deviation, _iv, must be  pooled with the outdoor standard deviation αiv. The pooled standard