Nokia Buys Alcatel-Lucent for $16.6 Billion

Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent have entered into a memorandum of understanding under which Nokia will make an offer for all of the equity securities issued by Alcatel-Lucent, through a public exchange offer in France and in the United States, on the basis of 0.55 of a new Nokia share for every Alcatel-Lucent share. The all-share transaction values Alcatel-Lucent at EUR 15.6 billion. This is based on Nokia’s unaffected closing share price of EUR 7.77 on April 13, 2015.

Each company’s Board of Directors has approved the terms of the proposed transaction, which is expected to close in the first half of 2016. The proposed transaction is subject to approval by Nokia’s shareholders, completion of relevant works council consultations, receipt of regulatory approvals and other customary conditions.

With more than 40 000 R&D employees and spend of EUR 4.7 billion in R&D in 2014, the combined company will be in a position to accelerate development of future technologies including 5G, IP and software-defined networking, cloud, analytics as well as sensors and imaging. 

Alcatel-Lucent shareholders would own 33.5% of the fully diluted share capital of the combined company, and Nokia shareholders would own 66.5%, assuming full acceptance of the public exchange offer. The combined company will be called Nokia Corporation, with headquarters in Finland and a strong presence in France. Risto Siilasmaa is planned to serve as Chairman, and Rajeev Suri as Chief Executive Officer.

Based on Nokia estimates, the addressable market of the combined company in 2014 was approximately 50% larger than the current addressable networks market for Nokia alone, increasing from approximately EUR 84 billion to approximately EUR 130 billion. The combined company is expected to have a stronger growth profile than Nokia’s current addressable market, with an estimated CAGR of approximately 3.5% for 2014-2019.

Alcatel-Lucent is employs approximately 52 600 employees as of end 2014 including 20 000 R&D employees. Its products and services are distributed all over the world (North America: 44%, Asia Pacific: 20%, Europe: 23%, Rest of World: 13%).

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NOKIA GSM REPORTS

42-Displays all base stations sorted out by BSC name, BCF id and BTS id. (Which are existing)

43- All cells with LAC & CI(cell ID)

50-BTS having GPRS enabled Trxs.

54-segment configuration

60-adjacency discrepancy

61-missing adjacencies

62-frequecy check of adjacent cells

68-shows usage of BTS parameters

70-BTS with Max adjacencies(starts from 10 adjacancies)

71-cells with Min adjacencies ( less than10)

74-adjacancies

76-Adjacent cells with same NCC,BCC and frequency.

111- BCCH

130-Sd congestion

135-TCH congestion

150-HO failure ratio

153-adjacancies having HO failure

162-TCH drop call

163-cells having high TCH drop ratio

196-UL & DL quality /Interference

204-N/w benchmark statistics

208-Link balance per Trx. this reports counts power loss balance b/w UL and DL.

232-overshooting /TA

250-cell by call ratio

216-BTS doctor report

222-call distribution per LA

280-dynamic Abis.

What's the difference between “dB”, “dBm”, and “dBi

A dB is a RELATIVE measure of two different POWER levels. There's also dB relative to VOLTAGE levels, but I won't go into those, as we're mostly concerned with POWER levels in our discussions here. 3dB is twice (or half) as much, 6dB is four times, 10dB is ten times, and so on. The formula for calculating gain or loss in dB is: 10log P1/P2. It's used for stating the gain or loss of one device (P1) IN RELATION to another (P2). Thus, I can say that an amplifier has “30 dB of gain”, or I have “6dB total feedline loss”. I CANNOT say, “My amp puts out 30 dB”, or “I have a 24dB antenna”, as you must state what you're referencing it to, which is where the subscript comes in. The dB by itself is not an absolute number, but a ratio.

For amplifiers, a common reference unit is the dBm, with 0dBm being equal to 1 milliwatt. Thus, an amp with an output of 30dBm puts out 1 Watt. How much gain it has is a different matter entirely, and you can have two different amps, each with an output of 30dBm (1Watt), that have different gains, and require different levels of drive power to achieve their outputs. You can also have two different amps with the same gain that have different output powers.

There's also dBW (Referenced to 1 WATT), but you generally only use those when dealing with “Big Stuff”, as 30dBW is 1000w, and way beyond what we deal with here!

For antennas, a common reference unit is the dBi, which states the gain of an antenna as referenced to an ISOTROPIC source. An Isotropic source is the perfect omnidirectional radiator, a true “Point Source”, and does not exist in nature. It's useful for comparing antennas, as since it’s theoretical, it’s always the same. It's also 2.41 dB BIGGER than the next common unit of antenna gain, the dBd, and makes your antennas sound better in advertising. The dBd is the amount of gain an antenna has referenced to a DIPOLE antenna. A simple dipole antenna has a gain of 2.41dBi, and a gain of 0dBd, since we're comparing it to itself. If I say I have a “24dB antenna”, it means nothing, as I haven't told you what I referenced it to. It could be a 26.41dBi antenna (24dBd), or a 21.59dBi (also 24dBd!) antenna, depending on what my original reference was. The difference is 4.81dB, a significant amount. Most antenna manufacturers have gotten away from playing this game, but the reference will be different in different fields.

Commercial antennas tend to be rated in dBi, as the people buying them understand it, and Amateur Radio antennas tend to be dBd, as Hams are very familiar with dipoles. Sorry to go on for so long, but as an Engineer, it bugs me a bit to see things like this!

WCDMA Capacity Management Parameter

compModeAdm: Absolute admission limit for the number of radio links in compressed mode in a cell.

dlCodeAdm: Parameter that defines in percentage the absolute admission limit for DL code usage

pwrAdm: Parameter that defines in percentage the absolute admission limit for DL power utilization.

sf8Adm: Defines the absolute admission limit for the number of RLs with SF=8 (PS384) in DL.

sf16Adm: Defines the absolute admission limit for the number of RLs with SF=16 (PS128 RAB) in DL.

sf32Adm: Defines the absolute admission limit for the number of RLs with SF=32 (PS64) in DL.

sf4AdmUl: Absolute admission limit for the number of RLs with SF=4 in UL (PS384/HS)

sf8AdmUl: Defines the absolute admission limit for the number of RLs with SF=8 in UL.

sf16AdmUL: Parameter that defines absolute admission limit for the number of RLs with SF=16 in UL.

As Xiaomi completes five years, Mi India announces partnership with Snapdeal and Amazon

New telecoms towers Infrastructure Company could be set up by the Chinese government with at nearly a million towers at its start.

The new company would be formed from assets already owned by the country's three state-controlled mobile networks, and would enable them to book a one-off accounting gain of aroundUSD24 billion from the effective sale and lease-back agreement.

The three mobile networks, China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom have already set up a joint tower management company to handle the construction of a joint infrastruture network.

"We are taking the view that all ground-based towers of all three operators are to be injected into the tower company at one go," a Barclays analyst, Anand Ramachandran, told the South China 

U.S. Cellular Announces New LTE Expansion Plan

U.S. Cellular will be adding more than 600 4G LTE cell sites in 2015 and expanding existing 4G LTE service in 10 states. By the end of 2015, 98 percent of U.S. Cellular customers will have access to 4G LTE speeds. 

This latest U.S. Cellular network expansion brings additional 4G LTE service to areas in California, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. More than 2,000 new cities and towns will receive 4G LTE speeds.

NSN Cell Report

CELL DOCTOR REPORTS(KPI - KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS)

023 - BCCH MISSING - FOR HOW MUCH SECS SITE WAS DOWN

051 - GPRS PARAMETER REPORTS - SHOWS GPRS PARAMETER FOR EVERY SECTOR - BASIC PARAMETER - ALSO SHOWS AG BLOCK COUNT

         BCF NAME, ID SEGMENT NAME,ID BTS NAME,ID LAC, RAC, CI

060 - NEIGHBOUR DISCREPANCIES - IF NEIGHBOUR DEFINITION IS WRONGLY CREATED - MODIFIED

061 - SHOWS ONE WAY NEIGHBOUR DEFINITION, IF ANY,  SO IF NEIGHBOUR NEEDED THEN CREATE OTHERWISE DELETE

067 - HANDOVER SYNCHRONIZATION - SYNC PARAMETER - Y OR N SHOULD BE Y IN SAME SITE AND WITH OTHER SITE SHOULD BE N

074 - NEIGHBOUR DATA

076 - CO-BSIC-BCCH NEIGHBOUR IF ANY

073 - UNDEFINED NEIGHBOUR ONLY  DATA AVAILABLE IS SIGNAL STRENGTH, BCCH, BSIC

111 - FREQUENCY PLAN REPORT  WHICH FREQ IS THERE FOR EACH TRX AND BASIC PARA LIKE BSC,BTS NAME, BTS ID,LAC,RAC,CI,BCC,NCC, HOPPING PARA

130 - SDCCH CONGESTION REPORT  HOURLY BASIS

132 -SMS FAILURE REPORT

135 - TCH CONGESTION REPROT HOURLY BASIS

150 - HANDOVER FAILURE RATIO, CELL LEVEL

153 - HANDOVER FAILURE ATTEMPT RATIO, AT NEIGHBOUR LEVEL

154 - HANDOVER ATTEMPT CAUSES WHY HANDOVER ATT WAS THERE.

157 - HANDOVER PER CALL RATIO  HO/CALLS

160 - NETWORK LEVEL TCH CALL DROP RATIO

163 - TCH DROP CALL RATE AT CELL LEVEL - IF CALL DROP AT RF, ABIS, AIF, TR , LAPD,BTS, BCSU,USER

166 - SDCCH DROP CALL RATE AT CELL LEVEL - IF DROP RATE AT RF, ABIS, AIF, LAPD, BTS, BCSU

182 - TCH SDCCH CS PEAK TRAFFIC - MAX ERL, BLOCKING - AVE ERL, BLOCKING - TCH & SDCCH BOTH AT CELL

186 - CELL HAVING MAX. PAGING TRAFFIC

190 - UL INTERFERENCE REPORT AT CELL

196 - TRX QUALITY, INTERFERENCE AT TRX LEVEL FOR PARTICULAR CELL NOT MEETING KPI AS MENTIONED

204 - NETWORK BENCHMARK STATISTICS REPORT

208 - LINK BALANCE PER TRX

229 - GPRS KPI REPORT

232 –DISTANCE CALL STUDY REPORT – GIVES FROM HOW MUCH DISTANCE CALLS ARE INITIATED – IN    PERCENTAGE AND SAMPLES VALUE

216 –CELL ANALYSER – VERY HEAVY REPORT NEEDS MORE TIME – RUNS AT SECTOR LEVEL ONLY GIVES ALL PARAMETER AND EVERY STATISTICS

236 – Half Rate TCH Traffic with available time slots and erlang generated.

MML Commands

ZEEI – SECTOR INFO WITH OPERATIONAL STATE AND HW TYPE ET PCM TRX STATE AND NO, OF CALLS RUNNING AT MOMENT

ZERO – TRX LEVEL PARAMETER

ZEQO – BTS LEVEL PARAMETER INCLUDING HOPPING, QUEUE, GPRS ETC.

ZEHO – HANDOVER CONTROL PARAMETERS

ZEUO – POWER CONTROL PARAMETER

ZEAP –NEIGHBOUR WITH BASIC INFO

ZEAO – NEIGHBOUR WITH ALL PARAMETERS

Tecore Networks to Show LTE Network-in-a-Box in CCA 2015 Spring Expo

Tecore Networks, a 3G/4G LTE mobile network infrastructure supplier , will be featuring its complete LTE Network-in-a-Box (NIB), at the Competitive Carrier Associations (CCA) 2015 Spring Expo taking place March 25-27 at the Downtown Hilton Atlanta in Georgia. 

The Network-in-a-Box (NIB) solution is built on the patented iCore software defined core network. This platform delivers 3G/4G LTE service and facilitates the incorporation of key capabilities such as VoLTE for smaller service providers. According to company, the NIB allows for full network capability at the edge, while seamlessly integrating with the rest of the network infrastructure. In any case that connectivity is lost to the cloud; the localized capabilities of the NIB provide continued operation for local subscribers.

Tecore will also be showcasing the 3G/4G LTE RAVEN platform specifically designed for rapid deployment of network services and capabilities. Like the NIB, the RAVEN provides full LTE capability as a standalone unit or as an integrated element of the network infrastructure. The portability of the system (small enough to qualify as carry-on luggage on a commercial flight) supports rapid deployment for emergency and disaster recovery situations.

Nokia Networks Technology Vision 2020

X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)

The X2AP protocol is used to handle the UE mobility within E-UTRAN and provides the following functions:

·         Mobility Management

·         Load Management

·         Reporting of General Error Situations

·         Resetting the X2

·         Setting up the X2

·         eNB Configuration Update

Protocol specification

3GPP TS 36.423 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)

X2 layer 1

 The main functions of X2 interface layer 1 are as following:

·         Interface to physical medium;

·         Frame delineation;

·         Line clock extraction capability;

·         Layer 1 alarms extraction and generation;

·         Transmission quality control.

Protocol specification

3GPP TS 36.421 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); X2 layer 1

S1 Signalling Transport

S1 signalling bearer provides the following functions:

·         Provision of reliable transfer of S1-AP message over S1-MME interface.

·         Provision of networking and routeing function

·         Provision of redundancy in the signalling network

·         Support for flow control and congestion control

L2 - Data link layer

Support of any suitable data link layer protocol, e.g. PPP, Ethernet

IP layer

·         The eNB and MME support IPv6 and/or IPv4

·         The IP layer of S1-MME only supports point-to-point transmission for delivering S1-AP message.

·         The eNB and MME support the Diffserv Code Point marking

Transport layer

SCTP is supported as the transport layer of S1-MME signalling bearer.

·         SCTP refers to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol developed by the Sigtran working group of the IETF for the purpose of transporting various signalling protocols over IP network.

·         There is only one SCTP association established between one MME and eNB pair.

·         The eNB establishes the SCTP association. The SCTP Destination Port number value assigned by IANA to be used for S1AP is 36412.

Protocol specification

3GPP TS 36.410 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 layer 1 general aspects and principles               

3GPP TS 36.411 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 layer 1

3GPP TS 36.412 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 signalling transport

IETF RFC 2460: "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification"

IETF RFC 791 (September,1981): "Internet Protocol"

IETF RFC 2474 (December 1998): "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers"

S1 layer 1

the main functions of S1 interface layer 1 are as following:

·         Interface to physical medium;

·         Frame delineation;

·         Line clock extraction capability;

·         Layer 1 alarms extraction and generation;

·         Transmission quality control.

Protocol specification

3GPP TS 36.411 - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 layer 1

Reason for SDCCH DROP in GSM Network

·         Low Rx level DL& UL, Bad Qual (Interference ) DL & UL, and High TA

·         Drop on LAC boundary.

·         SW congestion

·         Due to TCH Congestion.

·         Hardware issue, Timeslot Faulty, High VSWR, Alarm or Antenna Faulty, mismatch combining.

·         Interference or error on E1.

·         Drop due to radio failure.

·          SD drop due to MS faulty.

·         SD drop due to mismatch Rxlev_access_min value & RACH busy threshold

·         SD drop due to mismatch BA2 list, due to drop occur during HO.

Reason for TCH DROP in GSM Network

·         The parameters SACCH Multi-Frames and Radio Link Timeout are set to too small values.

·         The parameter RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN is set to a too small value.

·         The parameter RACH Min.Access Level is set to a too small value.

·         The parameters Min DL Power on HO Candidate Cell and Min Access Level Offset are inappropriately set.

·         The length of timer T3103 (this timer is set to wait for a Handover Complete message) is set to a too small value.

·         The length of timer T3109 (this timer is set to wait for a Release Indication message) is set to a too small value.

·         The length of timer T3111 (this timer specifies the connection release delay) is set to a too small value.

·         The length of timer T305/T308 is set to an invalid or too great value.

·         The parameter TCH Traffic Busy Threshold is set to a too small value.

·         The parameter Call Reestablishment Forbidden is set to Yes.

·         The parameters related to edge handover are inappropriately set.

·         The parameters related to BQ handover are inappropriately set.

·         The parameters related to interference handover are inappropriately set.

·         The parameters related to concentric cell handover are inappropriately set.

·         The parameters related to power control are inappropriately set.

·         T200 and N200 are set to too small values.

·         Some neighboring cell relations are not configured.

·         The parameter MAIO is inappropriately set.

·         The parameter Disconnect Handover Protect Timer is set to a too small value.

·         The parameter TR1N is set to a too small value.

·         The parameters Software Parameter 13 and MAX TA are set to too small values.

·         If a repeater is used, the parameter Directly Magnifier Site Flag is set GSM BSS Network KPI (TCH Call Drop Rate) Optimization Manual INTERNAL to No

·         Drop due to hardware issue (Faulty, VSWR, ICM, Mismatch combining & Alarm)

·         Drop due abis link error or high abis link UTL.

·         Drop due to Co-Channel interference or due to poor Qual UL & DL.

·         Drop due to poor level UL & DL or due to High TA.

·         Drop due to HO Delay.

·         Drop due to Poor Antenna installation.

·         Drop due to poor path Imbalance ( UL & DL)